National History Challenge

2010 Theme: Celebrations, Memories and History

Referencing

If you:

quote (use someone else's exact words),
copy (use their figures or tables),
paraphrase (use their idea in your own words) or
summarise (use a brief account of their ideas) ...

then you must acknowledge the source. Failure to acknowledge your source is plagiarism and is unacceptable.

Types of Referencing

Reference List

The list of works (bibliography) referred to by the student(s) is arranged alphabetically by author's last name and placed at the end of the participant's entry.

You must give sufficient information for your reader to locate your reference.

Bibliography

Year levels 5 - 8 entries must provide a list of all the sources used.

Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography must be included at Year levels 9 - 12. It must separate primary and secondary sources. It must contain your brief comments on the usefulness of each of the sources.

Sample

Primary Sources: Unpublished
Royal Australian Nursing Federation (SA) Branch, now Australian Nursing Federation, Minutes of Council Meetings, 1956-1980. Useful for highlighting major issues and individuals concerned.

Eadie, Edith, (ed). South Australians in the AANS 1939-1945', Mortlock Library of South Australian. Many personal anecdotes to illustrate general ideas.

Tapes and transcripts of 89 interviews conducted (by the author) with 95 nurses and two non nurses, now held in the Somerville Oral History Collection of the Mortlock Library of South Australian. Useful as for diaries, and for providing information not available in books and other records.

Primary Sources: Published
Nurses Registration Act, 1920, and amendments. Useful for insight into details of issues associated with changes in conditions for nursing.

Secondary Sources: Books
Clarke, W.B. Researches on the Southern Goldfields of New South Wales (Sydney) 1860. Useful for details of early mining conditions and firsthand reports at the time about numbers of new immigrants.

Secondary Sources: Journal Articles
Kent, B, 'Agitations on the Victorian Goldfields, 1851-54', Historical Studies, Australia and New Zealand, November 1954. Useful for background to prejudice against Chinese and other minority groups on the goldfields.

Secondary Sources: CDROM
Frontier: Stories from White Australia's Forgotten War, ABC & Dataworks 1997. Useful for the variety of resource material and ideas for further research.

Citations

Rule

Citations (footnotes, endnotes or in-text) are used to credit the sources of specific ideas as well as information and quotations and must be included at Year levels 9 - 12.

The basic rule is: Present sufficient citation for a judge to find the origins of and check on the accuracy of what you have written.

The citation needs to include sufficient information for a person to locate that source and check the accuracy of your use of it.

This is not required for Year levels 5 - 8.

Sample

1. Pike, D. Paradise of Dissent, Melbourne University Press, 1957, p. 114

Primary Sources: Unpublished, Unofficial

Email messages

Sample

V Chlap, WWW Page Standards (email from veronica@naa.gov.au to kerriw@naa.gov.au), 10 May 1998

Original Records (eg Letters)

Rule

For original records such as letters, identify the sender and receiver, the date of the letter, and where the record is kept.

Sample

Letter from Susan Brown to Eric Brown, dated 3.4.1918 (original in family archives).

Oral History Interviews

Sample

Interview with Mrs C. Zanetti, 5 May 1998.

Primary Sources: Published, Official

Books with one author

Rule

Cite:

author's last name and initials
year of publication
title of book - in italics
publisher
place of publication

Sample

Olesnicki, G. 1993, The World Around Us, Redback Books, New York

Chapters, Essays and Articles (included in volume edited by another).

Sample

Riley, M.S. and Heller, J.I. 1983, "Development of children's problem-solving ability", in The Development of Mathematical Thinking, ed H.P. Ginsberg, Academic Press, New York, pp 153-196

Pamphlet without an acknowledged author

Sample

"Peanuts Puff" 1968 Sweet 'n Thin. The Pillsbury Company, p. 30

Periodicals and Journals

Rule

Cite:

author's last name and initials
year of publication
title of article enclosed in quotation marks
title of journal or periodical - in italics
volume number if applicable
issue number if applicable
page number(s)

Sample

Oeland, Glenn,. 1996 "Emperors of the Ice". National Geographic, Vol. 189, No. 3, March 1996 pp. 53-71

Reference Books

Rule

Cite:

author/title of article
name of encyclopaedia - in italics
year of publication
publisher
place of publication
volume number
page number(s) of article

Sample

"Glacier", World Book Encyclopaedia, Chicago: Field Enterprises, c 1992. vol. 8. pp. 173-176

CD ROM

Sample

"Tropical Fish", Microsoft Encarta, Funk& Wagnalls Corporation, 1994

Internet Sources

Rule

Cite:

author's last name and initials
date of most recent revision - day, month, year
author's internet address if available
title of work or title line of message
title of list/site as appropriate
internet address
date retrieved

Sample

Limb, P. May 1992, Relationships between Labour and African Nationalist Liberation Movements in South Africa http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/worldhistory/archives/limb-L.html. Retrieved 03-12-03.

Material in Archival Institutions

Rule

For archival institutions you should identify which institution holds the original records and give the numbers they use so that others can locate the documents.

Sample

National Archives of Australia: A1608/1, V45/1/12 Part 1, War Records. Conscription. National Archives of Australia: A1, 1904/3421, E. Gaudron Application for Certificate of Naturalization

Secondary Sources

Newspaper with author

Sample

Costa, Gabrielle, "Rabbit virus feared in Vic", The Age, 16 March, 1996, p. 3

Newspaper Editorial

Sample

"Time to give Aunty a check up", Herald Sun, 22 March, 1996, p. 18

If the format you require is not listed here, please consult your teacher or library staff.